Automated tool for 3D planar magnetic temperature modelling: application to EE and E/PLT core-based components

International audienceThermal performance of power converters is a key issue for the power integration. Temperatures inside active and passive devices can be determined using thermal models. Modelling the temperature distribution of high frequency magnetic components is quite complex due to diversity of their geometries and used materials. This paper presents a thermal modelling method based on lumped elements thermal network model, applied to planar magnetic components made of EE and E/PLT cores. The 3D model is automatically generated from the component's geometry. The computation enables to obtain 3D temperature distribution inside windings and core of planar transformers or inductors, in steady state or in transient case. The paper details the proposed modelling method as well as the automated tool including the problem definition and the solving process. The obtained temperature distributions are compared with Finite Element simulation results and measurements on different planar transformers

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Planar magnetic transformer components thermal for power electronics

Les travaux présentés ont pour objet de développer des modèles thermiques adaptés aux composants magnétiques planar (CMP). Après avoir détaillé la problématique des pertes en hautes fréquences (cuivre et fer), source d’échauffement dans les CMP, un état de l’art des différentes approches utilisées pour la modélisation thermique des composants magnétiques est présenté. Ensuite, pour répondre aux besoins des concepteurs, deux types de modèles thermiques sont proposés. Le premier, de type analytique, basé sur résistance thermique équivalente, permet d’évaluer l’échauffement d’un composant lors de la phase de pré-dimensionnement. Ce modèle a la particularité de tenir compte de la température ambiante et des pertes pour assurer un meilleur dimensionnement des CMP selon les conditions de fonctionnement. Pour déterminer la distribution 3D de température au sein du composant et détecter d’éventuels points chauds, un second modèle de type réseau thermique nodal (RTN) a été développé. Ce modèle est généré automatiquement à partir de la description géométrique du composant. Il permet, de plus, d’étudier les régimes permanent et transitoire, tout en s’adaptant aux différents types de conditions aux limites. Ces deux modèles sont validés par simulations numériques et par des mesures sur des prototypes de transformateurs planar conçus en laboratoireThis research aims to provide suitable thermal models for planar magnetics components (PMC). First, high frequency losses (copper and core losses) issues are detailed, which are heat sources in PMC. Then, a state of the art of magnetic component thermal modeling is presented. To meet various needs of designers, two types of thermal models have been developed. A first analytical model, based on thermal resistance that enables to estimate temperature rise in the early design stage, is proposed. Its distinguishing feature is to take into account ambient temperature and loss values, in order to achieve an optimal design of PMC according to operating conditions. To compute 3D temperature distribution inside the component, and detect potential hotspots, a second model based on nodal thermal network (NTN) has been developped. It deals with permanent and transient cases, with different types of boundary conditions. The two models have been validated with numerical simulations and measurements on planar transformers laboratory prototype

Modélisation thermique des composants magnétiques planar pour l'électronique de puissance

This research aims to provide suitable thermal models for planar magnetics components (PMC). First, high frequency losses (copper and core losses) issues are detailed, which are heat sources in PMC. Then, a state of the art of magnetic component thermal modeling is presented. To meet various needs of designers, two types of thermal models have been developed. A first analytical model, based on thermal resistance that enables to estimate temperature rise in the early design stage, is proposed. Its distinguishing feature is to take into account ambient temperature and loss values, in order to achieve an optimal design of PMC according to operating conditions. To compute 3D temperature distribution inside the component, and detect potential hotspots, a second model based on nodal thermal network (NTN) has been developped. It deals with permanent and transient cases, with different types of boundary conditions. The two models have been validated with numerical simulations and measurements on planar transformers laboratory prototypesLes travaux présentés ont pour objet de développer des modèles thermiques adaptés aux composants magnétiques planar (CMP). Après avoir détaillé la problématique des pertes en hautes fréquences (cuivre et fer), source d’échauffement dans les CMP, un état de l’art des différentes approches utilisées pour la modélisation thermique des composants magnétiques est présenté. Ensuite, pour répondre aux besoins des concepteurs, deux types de modèles thermiques sont proposés. Le premier, de type analytique, basé sur résistance thermique équivalente, permet d’évaluer l’échauffement d’un composant lors de la phase de pré-dimensionnement. Ce modèle a la particularité de tenir compte de la température ambiante et des pertes pour assurer un meilleur dimensionnement des CMP selon les conditions de fonctionnement. Pour déterminer la distribution 3D de température au sein du composant et détecter d’éventuels points chauds, un second modèle de type réseau thermique nodal (RTN) a été développé. Ce modèle est généré automatiquement à partir de la description géométrique du composant. Il permet, de plus, d’étudier les régimes permanent et transitoire, tout en s’adaptant aux différents types de conditions aux limites. Ces deux modèles sont validés par simulations numériques et par des mesures sur des prototypes de transformateurs planar conçus en laboratoir

Coupled electro-thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle application

International audienc

Coupled electro-thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle application

International audienceThe lithium-ion battery is a complex system that is both non-linear and non-stationary, which involves electrical, thermal and electrochemical dynamics In order to deepen the understanding of battery system dynamics, in this paper, an electro-thermal coupled model is proposed for a 40 Ah lithium-ion battery cell with Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide cathode material and graphitic anode. The developed model takes into account the dynamics of the high power applications and then allows to accurately present the physicochemical phenomena occurring in a battery cell. It is built through a dynamic equivalent circuit and a thermal model. The battery is divided into nodes with two dimensions and each node is represented by an equivalent circuit. Both models are coupled in the same loop, the electric-thermal through the distribution of power losses to calculate the distribution of temperature and the thermal-electric through the mean temperature of the battery to update the electric parameters. The obtained results show that the proposed model is able to simulate the dynamic interaction between the electric and the thermal battery behavior, and high performance for the cell surface temperature prediction

Conception of High-Frequency Power Planar Transformer Prototypes Based on FabLab Platform

Conceiving planar magnetic components for power electronic converters is very constraining, especially in the case of prototype development. Indeed, such making requires skills, specific appliances as well as human time for setting up the machine tools and the fabrication process. With the emergence of Fabrication Laboratory (FabLab), conceiving of planar copper foil prototypes becomes more feasible in a shortened time process for engineers and researchers. This paper presents a methodology and process for conceiving power planar transformers with the help of machines and tools that can be found in the usual FabLab

Prototypage rapide de transformateurs planar

International audienceLa conception rapide de prototypes de laboratoire est intéressante pour permettre la validation, à moindre frais, de dimensionnements spécifiques de transformateurs planar. Avec l’apparition des Fabrication Laboratory (FabLab), il devient possible, en utilisant les outils et machines disponibles dans ces derniers, de réaliser de manière assez simple, rapide et peu coûteuse, des prototypes de transformateur planar en technologie feuillard. Cet article présente donc une méthodologie permettant de concevoir ce type de composant, pour des puissances de quelques kilowatts, en utilisant le matériel usuel des FabLab

Planar Magnetic Components in More Electric Aircraft: Review of Technology and Key Parameters for DC–DC Power Electronic Converter

International audienceThe More Electric Aircraft (MEA) has motivated aircraft manufacturers since few decades. Indeed, their investigations lead to the increase of electric power in airplanes. The challenge is to decrease the weight of embedded systems and therefore the fuel consumption. This is possible thanks to new efficient power electronic converters made of new components. As magnetic components represent a great proportion of their weight, planar components are an interesting solution to increase the power density of some switching mode power supplies. This paper presents the benefits and drawbacks of high frequency planar transformers in DC/DC converter, different models developed for their design and different issues in MEA context related to planar's specific geometry and technology

Comparison of the C-reactive protein level and visual analog scale scores between piezosurgery and rotatory osteotomy in mandibular impacted third molar extraction

This study aimed to compare the C-reactive protein level and visual analog scale scores of piezo-and rotatory-based surgical extraction of the third molar. As a split-mouth study, the comparative groups consisted of 25 patients, each of whom underwent surgical removal of the third molar by piezo on one side and rotatory bur on the other side. C-reactive protein levels were quantitatively assessed (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) before and immediately post-extraction. The immediate postoperative blood sample (baseline) C-reactive protein levels were compared with 24 h and 72 h post-op samples, both within and between the groups. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale at 24 h and 72 h post-operatively. The C-reactive protein levels were lower in the piezo group than in the rotatory group, although the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The visual analog scale score was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the piezo group than in the rotatory group. The C-reactive protein levels increased in both the rotary and piezo groups from the pre-op to the immediate post-op value, but in the piezo group, the levels dropped back after 24 h. On the contrary, in the rotatory group, the C-reactive level kept increasing until 24 h; the visual analog scale score dropped significantly from 24 to 72 h for both the rotatory and piezo groups. Surgical techniques that could spare the surrounding soft tissues, such as the piezo, could aid in reducing overall postoperative morbidity